sys — System-specific parameters and functions¶
This module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter. It is always available.
- sys.abiflags¶
- On POSIX systems where Python was built with the standard - configurescript, this contains the ABI flags as specified by PEP 3149.- Added in version 3.2. - Changed in version 3.8: Default flags became an empty string ( - mflag for pymalloc has been removed).- Availability: Unix. 
- sys.addaudithook(hook)¶
- Append the callable hook to the list of active auditing hooks for the current (sub)interpreter. - When an auditing event is raised through the - sys.audit()function, each hook will be called in the order it was added with the event name and the tuple of arguments. Native hooks added by- PySys_AddAuditHook()are called first, followed by hooks added in the current (sub)interpreter. Hooks can then log the event, raise an exception to abort the operation, or terminate the process entirely.- Note that audit hooks are primarily for collecting information about internal or otherwise unobservable actions, whether by Python or libraries written in Python. They are not suitable for implementing a “sandbox”. In particular, malicious code can trivially disable or bypass hooks added using this function. At a minimum, any security-sensitive hooks must be added using the C API - PySys_AddAuditHook()before initialising the runtime, and any modules allowing arbitrary memory modification (such as- ctypes) should be completely removed or closely monitored.- Calling - sys.addaudithook()will itself raise an auditing event named- sys.addaudithookwith no arguments. If any existing hooks raise an exception derived from- RuntimeError, the new hook will not be added and the exception suppressed. As a result, callers cannot assume that their hook has been added unless they control all existing hooks.- See the audit events table for all events raised by CPython, and PEP 578 for the original design discussion. - Added in version 3.8. - Changed in version 3.8.1: Exceptions derived from - Exceptionbut not- RuntimeErrorare no longer suppressed.- CPython implementation detail: When tracing is enabled (see - settrace()), Python hooks are only traced if the callable has a- __cantrace__member that is set to a true value. Otherwise, trace functions will skip the hook.
- sys.argv¶
- The list of command line arguments passed to a Python script. - argv[0]is the script name (it is operating system dependent whether this is a full pathname or not). If the command was executed using the- -ccommand line option to the interpreter,- argv[0]is set to the string- '-c'. If no script name was passed to the Python interpreter,- argv[0]is the empty string.- To loop over the standard input, or the list of files given on the command line, see the - fileinputmodule.- See also - sys.orig_argv.- Note - On Unix, command line arguments are passed by bytes from OS. Python decodes them with filesystem encoding and “surrogateescape” error handler. When you need original bytes, you can get it by - [os.fsencode(arg) for arg in sys.argv].
- sys.audit(event, *args)¶
- Raise an auditing event and trigger any active auditing hooks. event is a string identifying the event, and args may contain optional arguments with more information about the event. The number and types of arguments for a given event are considered a public and stable API and should not be modified between releases. - For example, one auditing event is named - os.chdir. This event has one argument called path that will contain the requested new working directory.- sys.audit()will call the existing auditing hooks, passing the event name and arguments, and will re-raise the first exception from any hook. In general, if an exception is raised, it should not be handled and the process should be terminated as quickly as possible. This allows hook implementations to decide how to respond to particular events: they can merely log the event or abort the operation by raising an exception.- Hooks are added using the - sys.addaudithook()or- PySys_AddAuditHook()functions.- The native equivalent of this function is - PySys_Audit(). Using the native function is preferred when possible.- See the audit events table for all events raised by CPython. - Added in version 3.8. 
- sys.base_exec_prefix¶
- Set during Python startup, before - site.pyis run, to the same value as- exec_prefix. If not running in a virtual environment, the values will stay the same; if- site.pyfinds that a virtual environment is in use, the values of- prefixand- exec_prefixwill be changed to point to the virtual environment, whereas- base_prefixand- base_exec_prefixwill remain pointing to the base Python installation (the one which the virtual environment was created from).- Added in version 3.3. 
- sys.base_prefix¶
- Set during Python startup, before - site.pyis run, to the same value as- prefix. If not running in a virtual environment, the values will stay the same; if- site.pyfinds that a virtual environment is in use, the values of- prefixand- exec_prefixwill be changed to point to the virtual environment, whereas- base_prefixand- base_exec_prefixwill remain pointing to the base Python installation (the one which the virtual environment was created from).- Added in version 3.3. 
- sys.byteorder¶
- An indicator of the native byte order. This will have the value - 'big'on big-endian (most-significant byte first) platforms, and- 'little'on little-endian (least-significant byte first) platforms.
- sys.builtin_module_names¶
- A tuple of strings containing the names of all modules that are compiled into this Python interpreter. (This information is not available in any other way — - modules.keys()only lists the imported modules.)- See also the - sys.stdlib_module_nameslist.
- sys.call_tracing(func, args)¶
- Call - func(*args), while tracing is enabled. The tracing state is saved, and restored afterwards. This is intended to be called from a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug or profile some other code.- Tracing is suspended while calling a tracing function set by - settrace()or- setprofile()to avoid infinite recursion.- call_tracing()enables explicit recursion of the tracing function.
- sys.copyright¶
- A string containing the copyright pertaining to the Python interpreter. 
- sys._clear_type_cache()¶
- Clear the internal type cache. The type cache is used to speed up attribute and method lookups. Use the function only to drop unnecessary references during reference leak debugging. - This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. - Deprecated since version 3.13: Use the more general - _clear_internal_caches()function instead.
- sys._clear_internal_caches()¶
- Clear all internal performance-related caches. Use this function only to release unnecessary references and memory blocks when hunting for leaks. - Added in version 3.13. 
- sys._current_frames()¶
- Return a dictionary mapping each thread’s identifier to the topmost stack frame currently active in that thread at the time the function is called. Note that functions in the - tracebackmodule can build the call stack given such a frame.- This is most useful for debugging deadlock: this function does not require the deadlocked threads’ cooperation, and such threads’ call stacks are frozen for as long as they remain deadlocked. The frame returned for a non-deadlocked thread may bear no relationship to that thread’s current activity by the time calling code examines the frame. - This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. - Raises an auditing event - sys._current_frameswith no arguments.
- sys._current_exceptions()¶
- Return a dictionary mapping each thread’s identifier to the topmost exception currently active in that thread at the time the function is called. If a thread is not currently handling an exception, it is not included in the result dictionary. - This is most useful for statistical profiling. - This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. - Raises an auditing event - sys._current_exceptionswith no arguments.- Changed in version 3.12: Each value in the dictionary is now a single exception instance, rather than a 3-tuple as returned from - sys.exc_info().
- sys.breakpointhook()¶
- This hook function is called by built-in - breakpoint(). By default, it drops you into the- pdbdebugger, but it can be set to any other function so that you can choose which debugger gets used.- The signature of this function is dependent on what it calls. For example, the default binding (e.g. - pdb.set_trace()) expects no arguments, but you might bind it to a function that expects additional arguments (positional and/or keyword). The built-in- breakpoint()function passes its- *argsand- **kwsstraight through. Whatever- breakpointhooks()returns is returned from- breakpoint().- The default implementation first consults the environment variable - PYTHONBREAKPOINT. If that is set to- "0"then this function returns immediately; i.e. it is a no-op. If the environment variable is not set, or is set to the empty string,- pdb.set_trace()is called. Otherwise this variable should name a function to run, using Python’s dotted-import nomenclature, e.g.- package.subpackage.module.function. In this case,- package.subpackage.modulewould be imported and the resulting module must have a callable named- function(). This is run, passing in- *argsand- **kws, and whatever- function()returns,- sys.breakpointhook()returns to the built-in- breakpoint()function.- Note that if anything goes wrong while importing the callable named by - PYTHONBREAKPOINT, a- RuntimeWarningis reported and the breakpoint is ignored.- Also note that if - sys.breakpointhook()is overridden programmatically,- PYTHONBREAKPOINTis not consulted.- Added in version 3.7. 
- sys._debugmallocstats()¶
- Print low-level information to stderr about the state of CPython’s memory allocator. - If Python is built in debug mode ( - configure --with-pydebug option), it also performs some expensive internal consistency checks.- Added in version 3.3. - CPython implementation detail: This function is specific to CPython. The exact output format is not defined here, and may change. 
- sys.dllhandle¶
- Integer specifying the handle of the Python DLL. - Availability: Windows. 
- sys.displayhook(value)¶
- If value is not - None, this function prints- repr(value)to- sys.stdout, and saves value in- builtins._. If- repr(value)is not encodable to- sys.stdout.encodingwith- sys.stdout.errorserror handler (which is probably- 'strict'), encode it to- sys.stdout.encodingwith- 'backslashreplace'error handler.- sys.displayhookis called on the result of evaluating an expression entered in an interactive Python session. The display of these values can be customized by assigning another one-argument function to- sys.displayhook.- Pseudo-code: - def displayhook(value): if value is None: return # Set '_' to None to avoid recursion builtins._ = None text = repr(value) try: sys.stdout.write(text) except UnicodeEncodeError: bytes = text.encode(sys.stdout.encoding, 'backslashreplace') if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'buffer'): sys.stdout.buffer.write(bytes) else: text = bytes.decode(sys.stdout.encoding, 'strict') sys.stdout.write(text) sys.stdout.write("\n") builtins._ = value - Changed in version 3.2: Use - 'backslashreplace'error handler on- UnicodeEncodeError.
- sys.dont_write_bytecode¶
- If this is true, Python won’t try to write - .pycfiles on the import of source modules. This value is initially set to- Trueor- Falsedepending on the- -Bcommand line option and the- PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODEenvironment variable, but you can set it yourself to control bytecode file generation.
- sys._emscripten_info¶
- A named tuple holding information about the environment on the wasm32-emscripten platform. The named tuple is provisional and may change in the future. - _emscripten_info.emscripten_version¶
- Emscripten version as tuple of ints (major, minor, micro), e.g. - (3, 1, 8).
 - _emscripten_info.runtime¶
- Runtime string, e.g. browser user agent, - 'Node.js v14.18.2', or- 'UNKNOWN'.
 - _emscripten_info.pthreads¶
- Trueif Python is compiled with Emscripten pthreads support.
 - Trueif Python is compiled with shared memory support.
 - Availability: Emscripten. - Added in version 3.11. 
- sys.pycache_prefix¶
- If this is set (not - None), Python will write bytecode-cache- .pycfiles to (and read them from) a parallel directory tree rooted at this directory, rather than from- __pycache__directories in the source code tree. Any- __pycache__directories in the source code tree will be ignored and new- .pycfiles written within the pycache prefix. Thus if you use- compileallas a pre-build step, you must ensure you run it with the same pycache prefix (if any) that you will use at runtime.- A relative path is interpreted relative to the current working directory. - This value is initially set based on the value of the - -X- pycache_prefix=PATHcommand-line option or the- PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIXenvironment variable (command-line takes precedence). If neither are set, it is- None.- Added in version 3.8. 
- sys.excepthook(type, value, traceback)¶
- This function prints out a given traceback and exception to - sys.stderr.- When an exception other than - SystemExitis raised and uncaught, the interpreter calls- sys.excepthookwith three arguments, the exception class, exception instance, and a traceback object. In an interactive session this happens just before control is returned to the prompt; in a Python program this happens just before the program exits. The handling of such top-level exceptions can be customized by assigning another three-argument function to- sys.excepthook.- Raise an auditing event - sys.excepthookwith arguments- hook,- type,- value,- tracebackwhen an uncaught exception occurs. If no hook has been set,- hookmay be- None. If any hook raises an exception derived from- RuntimeErrorthe call to the hook will be suppressed. Otherwise, the audit hook exception will be reported as unraisable and- sys.excepthookwill be called.- See also - The - sys.unraisablehook()function handles unraisable exceptions and the- threading.excepthook()function handles exception raised by- threading.Thread.run().
- sys.__breakpointhook__¶
- sys.__displayhook__¶
- sys.__excepthook__¶
- sys.__unraisablehook__¶
- These objects contain the original values of - breakpointhook,- displayhook,- excepthook, and- unraisablehookat the start of the program. They are saved so that- breakpointhook,- displayhookand- excepthook,- unraisablehookcan be restored in case they happen to get replaced with broken or alternative objects.- Added in version 3.7: __breakpointhook__ - Added in version 3.8: __unraisablehook__ 
- sys.exception()¶
- This function, when called while an exception handler is executing (such as an - exceptor- except*clause), returns the exception instance that was caught by this handler. When exception handlers are nested within one another, only the exception handled by the innermost handler is accessible.- If no exception handler is executing, this function returns - None.- Added in version 3.11. 
- sys.exc_info()¶
- This function returns the old-style representation of the handled exception. If an exception - eis currently handled (so- exception()would return- e),- exc_info()returns the tuple- (type(e), e, e.__traceback__). That is, a tuple containing the type of the exception (a subclass of- BaseException), the exception itself, and a traceback object which typically encapsulates the call stack at the point where the exception last occurred.- If no exception is being handled anywhere on the stack, this function return a tuple containing three - Nonevalues.- Changed in version 3.11: The - typeand- tracebackfields are now derived from the- value(the exception instance), so when an exception is modified while it is being handled, the changes are reflected in the results of subsequent calls to- exc_info().
- sys.exec_prefix¶
- A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform-dependent Python files are installed; by default, this is also - '/usr/local'. This can be set at build time with the- --exec-prefixargument to the configure script. Specifically, all configuration files (e.g. the- pyconfig.hheader file) are installed in the directory- exec_prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/config, and shared library modules are installed in- exec_prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/lib-dynload, where X.Y is the version number of Python, for example- 3.2.- Note - If a virtual environment is in effect, this value will be changed in - site.pyto point to the virtual environment. The value for the Python installation will still be available, via- base_exec_prefix.
- sys.executable¶
- A string giving the absolute path of the executable binary for the Python interpreter, on systems where this makes sense. If Python is unable to retrieve the real path to its executable, - sys.executablewill be an empty string or- None.
- sys.exit([arg])¶
- Raise a - SystemExitexception, signaling an intention to exit the interpreter.- The optional argument arg can be an integer giving the exit status (defaulting to zero), or another type of object. If it is an integer, zero is considered “successful termination” and any nonzero value is considered “abnormal termination” by shells and the like. Most systems require it to be in the range 0–127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems have a convention for assigning specific meanings to specific exit codes, but these are generally underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command line syntax errors and 1 for all other kind of errors. If another type of object is passed, - Noneis equivalent to passing zero, and any other object is printed to- stderrand results in an exit code of 1. In particular,- sys.exit("some error message")is a quick way to exit a program when an error occurs.- Since - exit()ultimately “only” raises an exception, it will only exit the process when called from the main thread, and the exception is not intercepted. Cleanup actions specified by finally clauses of- trystatements are honored, and it is possible to intercept the exit attempt at an outer level.- Changed in version 3.6: If an error occurs in the cleanup after the Python interpreter has caught - SystemExit(such as an error flushing buffered data in the standard streams), the exit status is changed to 120.
- sys.flags¶
- The named tuple flags exposes the status of command line flags. The attributes are read only. - flags.debug¶
 - flags.inspect¶
 - flags.interactive¶
 - flags.isolated¶
 - flags.optimize¶
 - flags.dont_write_bytecode¶
 - flags.no_user_site¶
 - flags.no_site¶
 - flags.ignore_environment¶
 - flags.verbose¶
 - flags.bytes_warning¶
 - flags.quiet¶
 - flags.hash_randomization¶
 - flags.dev_mode¶
 - flags.utf8_mode¶
 - flags.safe_path¶
 - flags.int_max_str_digits¶
 - -X int_max_str_digits(integer string conversion length limitation)- flags.warn_default_encoding¶
 - Changed in version 3.2: Added - quietattribute for the new- -qflag.- Added in version 3.2.3: The - hash_randomizationattribute.- Changed in version 3.3: Removed obsolete - division_warningattribute.- Changed in version 3.4: Added - isolatedattribute for- -I- isolatedflag.- Changed in version 3.7: Added the - dev_modeattribute for the new Python Development Mode and the- utf8_modeattribute for the new- -X- utf8flag.- Changed in version 3.10: Added - warn_default_encodingattribute for- -X- warn_default_encodingflag.- Changed in version 3.11: Added the - safe_pathattribute for- -Poption.- Changed in version 3.11: Added the - int_max_str_digitsattribute.
- sys.float_info¶
- A named tuple holding information about the float type. It contains low level information about the precision and internal representation. The values correspond to the various floating-point constants defined in the standard header file - float.hfor the ‘C’ programming language; see section 5.2.4.2.2 of the 1999 ISO/IEC C standard [C99], ‘Characteristics of floating types’, for details.- Attributes of the - float_infonamed tuple¶- attribute - float.h macro - explanation - float_info.epsilon¶
 - DBL_EPSILON- difference between 1.0 and the least value greater than 1.0 that is representable as a float. - See also - math.ulp().- float_info.dig¶
 - DBL_DIG- The maximum number of decimal digits that can be faithfully represented in a float; see below. - float_info.mant_dig¶
 - DBL_MANT_DIG- Float precision: the number of base- - radixdigits in the significand of a float.- float_info.max¶
 - DBL_MAX- The maximum representable positive finite float. - float_info.max_exp¶
 - DBL_MAX_EXP- The maximum integer e such that - radix**(e-1)is a representable finite float.- float_info.max_10_exp¶
 - DBL_MAX_10_EXP- The maximum integer e such that - 10**eis in the range of representable finite floats.- float_info.min¶
 - DBL_MIN- The minimum representable positive normalized float. - Use - math.ulp(0.0)to get the smallest positive denormalized representable float.- float_info.min_exp¶
 - DBL_MIN_EXP- The minimum integer e such that - radix**(e-1)is a normalized float.- float_info.min_10_exp¶
 - DBL_MIN_10_EXP- The minimum integer e such that - 10**eis a normalized float.- float_info.radix¶
 - FLT_RADIX- The radix of exponent representation. - float_info.rounds¶
 - FLT_ROUNDS- An integer representing the rounding mode for floating-point arithmetic. This reflects the value of the system - FLT_ROUNDSmacro at interpreter startup time:- -1: indeterminable
- 0: toward zero
- 1: to nearest
- 2: toward positive infinity
- 3: toward negative infinity
 - All other values for - FLT_ROUNDScharacterize implementation-defined rounding behavior.- The attribute - sys.float_info.digneeds further explanation. If- sis any string representing a decimal number with at most- sys.float_info.digsignificant digits, then converting- sto a float and back again will recover a string representing the same decimal value:- >>> import sys >>> sys.float_info.dig 15 >>> s = '3.14159265358979' # decimal string with 15 significant digits >>> format(float(s), '.15g') # convert to float and back -> same value '3.14159265358979' - But for strings with more than - sys.float_info.digsignificant digits, this isn’t always true:- >>> s = '9876543211234567' # 16 significant digits is too many! >>> format(float(s), '.16g') # conversion changes value '9876543211234568' 
- sys.float_repr_style¶
- A string indicating how the - repr()function behaves for floats. If the string has value- 'short'then for a finite float- x,- repr(x)aims to produce a short string with the property that- float(repr(x)) == x. This is the usual behaviour in Python 3.1 and later. Otherwise,- float_repr_stylehas value- 'legacy'and- repr(x)behaves in the same way as it did in versions of Python prior to 3.1.- Added in version 3.1. 
- sys.getallocatedblocks()¶
- Return the number of memory blocks currently allocated by the interpreter, regardless of their size. This function is mainly useful for tracking and debugging memory leaks. Because of the interpreter’s internal caches, the result can vary from call to call; you may have to call - _clear_internal_caches()and- gc.collect()to get more predictable results.- If a Python build or implementation cannot reasonably compute this information, - getallocatedblocks()is allowed to return 0 instead.- Added in version 3.4. 
- sys.getunicodeinternedsize()¶
- Return the number of unicode objects that have been interned. - Added in version 3.12. 
- sys.getandroidapilevel()¶
- Return the build-time API level of Android as an integer. This represents the minimum version of Android this build of Python can run on. For runtime version information, see - platform.android_ver().- Availability: Android. - Added in version 3.7. 
- sys.getdefaultencoding()¶
- Return the name of the current default string encoding used by the Unicode implementation. 
- sys.getdlopenflags()¶
- Return the current value of the flags that are used for - dlopen()calls. Symbolic names for the flag values can be found in the- osmodule (- RTLD_xxxconstants, e.g.- os.RTLD_LAZY).- Availability: Unix. 
- sys.getfilesystemencoding()¶
- Get the filesystem encoding: the encoding used with the filesystem error handler to convert between Unicode filenames and bytes filenames. The filesystem error handler is returned from - getfilesystemencodeerrors().- For best compatibility, str should be used for filenames in all cases, although representing filenames as bytes is also supported. Functions accepting or returning filenames should support either str or bytes and internally convert to the system’s preferred representation. - os.fsencode()and- os.fsdecode()should be used to ensure that the correct encoding and errors mode are used.- The filesystem encoding and error handler are configured at Python startup by the - PyConfig_Read()function: see- filesystem_encodingand- filesystem_errorsmembers of- PyConfig.- Changed in version 3.2: - getfilesystemencoding()result cannot be- Noneanymore.- Changed in version 3.6: Windows is no longer guaranteed to return - 'mbcs'. See PEP 529 and- _enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()for more information.- Changed in version 3.7: Return - 'utf-8'if the Python UTF-8 Mode is enabled.
- sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors()¶
- Get the filesystem error handler: the error handler used with the filesystem encoding to convert between Unicode filenames and bytes filenames. The filesystem encoding is returned from - getfilesystemencoding().- os.fsencode()and- os.fsdecode()should be used to ensure that the correct encoding and errors mode are used.- The filesystem encoding and error handler are configured at Python startup by the - PyConfig_Read()function: see- filesystem_encodingand- filesystem_errorsmembers of- PyConfig.- Added in version 3.6. 
- sys.get_int_max_str_digits()¶
- Returns the current value for the integer string conversion length limitation. See also - set_int_max_str_digits().- Added in version 3.11. 
- sys.getrefcount(object)¶
- Return the reference count of the object. The count returned is generally one higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary) reference as an argument to - getrefcount().- Note that the returned value may not actually reflect how many references to the object are actually held. For example, some objects are immortal and have a very high refcount that does not reflect the actual number of references. Consequently, do not rely on the returned value to be accurate, other than a value of 0 or 1. - Changed in version 3.12: Immortal objects have very large refcounts that do not match the actual number of references to the object. 
- sys.getrecursionlimit()¶
- Return the current value of the recursion limit, the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python. It can be set by - setrecursionlimit().
- sys.getsizeof(object[, default])¶
- Return the size of an object in bytes. The object can be any type of object. All built-in objects will return correct results, but this does not have to hold true for third-party extensions as it is implementation specific. - Only the memory consumption directly attributed to the object is accounted for, not the memory consumption of objects it refers to. - If given, default will be returned if the object does not provide means to retrieve the size. Otherwise a - TypeErrorwill be raised.- getsizeof()calls the object’s- __sizeof__method and adds an additional garbage collector overhead if the object is managed by the garbage collector.- See recursive sizeof recipe for an example of using - getsizeof()recursively to find the size of containers and all their contents.
- sys.getswitchinterval()¶
- Return the interpreter’s “thread switch interval”; see - setswitchinterval().- Added in version 3.2. 
- sys._getframe([depth])¶
- Return a frame object from the call stack. If optional integer depth is given, return the frame object that many calls below the top of the stack. If that is deeper than the call stack, - ValueErroris raised. The default for depth is zero, returning the frame at the top of the call stack.- Raises an auditing event - sys._getframewith argument- frame.- CPython implementation detail: This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. It is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. 
- sys._getframemodulename([depth])¶
- Return the name of a module from the call stack. If optional integer depth is given, return the module that many calls below the top of the stack. If that is deeper than the call stack, or if the module is unidentifiable, - Noneis returned. The default for depth is zero, returning the module at the top of the call stack.- Raises an auditing event - sys._getframemodulenamewith argument- depth.- CPython implementation detail: This function should be used for internal and specialized purposes only. It is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. 
- sys.getprofile()¶
- Get the profiler function as set by - setprofile().
- sys.gettrace()¶
- Get the trace function as set by - settrace().- CPython implementation detail: The - gettrace()function is intended only for implementing debuggers, profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.
- sys.getwindowsversion()¶
- Return a named tuple describing the Windows version currently running. The named elements are major, minor, build, platform, service_pack, service_pack_minor, service_pack_major, suite_mask, product_type and platform_version. service_pack contains a string, platform_version a 3-tuple and all other values are integers. The components can also be accessed by name, so - sys.getwindowsversion()[0]is equivalent to- sys.getwindowsversion().major. For compatibility with prior versions, only the first 5 elements are retrievable by indexing.- platform will be - 2(VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT).- product_type may be one of the following values: - Constant - Meaning - 1(VER_NT_WORKSTATION)- The system is a workstation. - 2(VER_NT_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER)- The system is a domain controller. - 3(VER_NT_SERVER)- The system is a server, but not a domain controller. - This function wraps the Win32 - GetVersionEx()function; see the Microsoft documentation on- OSVERSIONINFOEX()for more information about these fields.- platform_version returns the major version, minor version and build number of the current operating system, rather than the version that is being emulated for the process. It is intended for use in logging rather than for feature detection. - Note - platform_version derives the version from kernel32.dll which can be of a different version than the OS version. Please use - platformmodule for achieving accurate OS version.- Availability: Windows. - Changed in version 3.2: Changed to a named tuple and added service_pack_minor, service_pack_major, suite_mask, and product_type. - Changed in version 3.6: Added platform_version 
- sys.get_asyncgen_hooks()¶
- Returns an asyncgen_hooks object, which is similar to a - namedtupleof the form- (firstiter, finalizer), where firstiter and finalizer are expected to be either- Noneor functions which take an asynchronous generator iterator as an argument, and are used to schedule finalization of an asynchronous generator by an event loop.- Added in version 3.6: See PEP 525 for more details. - Note - This function has been added on a provisional basis (see PEP 411 for details.) 
- sys.get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth()¶
- Get the current coroutine origin tracking depth, as set by - set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth().- Added in version 3.7. - Note - This function has been added on a provisional basis (see PEP 411 for details.) Use it only for debugging purposes. 
- sys.hash_info¶
- A named tuple giving parameters of the numeric hash implementation. For more details about hashing of numeric types, see Hashing of numeric types. - hash_info.width¶
- The width in bits used for hash values 
 - hash_info.modulus¶
- The prime modulus P used for numeric hash scheme 
 - hash_info.inf¶
- The hash value returned for a positive infinity 
 - hash_info.nan¶
- (This attribute is no longer used) 
 - hash_info.imag¶
- The multiplier used for the imaginary part of a complex number 
 - hash_info.algorithm¶
- The name of the algorithm for hashing of str, bytes, and memoryview 
 - hash_info.hash_bits¶
- The internal output size of the hash algorithm 
 - hash_info.seed_bits¶
- The size of the seed key of the hash algorithm 
 - Added in version 3.2. - Changed in version 3.4: Added algorithm, hash_bits and seed_bits 
- sys.hexversion¶
- The version number encoded as a single integer. This is guaranteed to increase with each version, including proper support for non-production releases. For example, to test that the Python interpreter is at least version 1.5.2, use: - if sys.hexversion >= 0x010502F0: # use some advanced feature ... else: # use an alternative implementation or warn the user ... - This is called - hexversionsince it only really looks meaningful when viewed as the result of passing it to the built-in- hex()function. The named tuple- sys.version_infomay be used for a more human-friendly encoding of the same information.- More details of - hexversioncan be found at API and ABI Versioning.
- sys.implementation¶
- An object containing information about the implementation of the currently running Python interpreter. The following attributes are required to exist in all Python implementations. - name is the implementation’s identifier, e.g. - 'cpython'. The actual string is defined by the Python implementation, but it is guaranteed to be lower case.- version is a named tuple, in the same format as - sys.version_info. It represents the version of the Python implementation. This has a distinct meaning from the specific version of the Python language to which the currently running interpreter conforms, which- sys.version_inforepresents. For example, for PyPy 1.8- sys.implementation.versionmight be- sys.version_info(1, 8, 0, 'final', 0), whereas- sys.version_infowould be- sys.version_info(2, 7, 2, 'final', 0). For CPython they are the same value, since it is the reference implementation.- hexversion is the implementation version in hexadecimal format, like - sys.hexversion.- cache_tag is the tag used by the import machinery in the filenames of cached modules. By convention, it would be a composite of the implementation’s name and version, like - 'cpython-33'. However, a Python implementation may use some other value if appropriate. If- cache_tagis set to- None, it indicates that module caching should be disabled.- sys.implementationmay contain additional attributes specific to the Python implementation. These non-standard attributes must start with an underscore, and are not described here. Regardless of its contents,- sys.implementationwill not change during a run of the interpreter, nor between implementation versions. (It may change between Python language versions, however.) See PEP 421 for more information.- Added in version 3.3. - Note - The addition of new required attributes must go through the normal PEP process. See PEP 421 for more information. 
- sys.int_info¶
- A named tuple that holds information about Python’s internal representation of integers. The attributes are read only. - int_info.bits_per_digit¶
- The number of bits held in each digit. Python integers are stored internally in base - 2**int_info.bits_per_digit.
 - int_info.sizeof_digit¶
- The size in bytes of the C type used to represent a digit. 
 - int_info.default_max_str_digits¶
- The default value for - sys.get_int_max_str_digits()when it is not otherwise explicitly configured.
 - int_info.str_digits_check_threshold¶
- The minimum non-zero value for - sys.set_int_max_str_digits(),- PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS, or- -X int_max_str_digits.
 - Added in version 3.1. - Changed in version 3.11: Added - default_max_str_digitsand- str_digits_check_threshold.
- sys.__interactivehook__¶
- When this attribute exists, its value is automatically called (with no arguments) when the interpreter is launched in interactive mode. This is done after the - PYTHONSTARTUPfile is read, so that you can set this hook there. The- sitemodule sets this.- Raises an auditing event - cpython.run_interactivehookwith the hook object as the argument when the hook is called on startup.- Added in version 3.4. 
- sys.intern(string)¶
- Enter string in the table of “interned” strings and return the interned string – which is string itself or a copy. Interning strings is useful to gain a little performance on dictionary lookup – if the keys in a dictionary are interned, and the lookup key is interned, the key comparisons (after hashing) can be done by a pointer compare instead of a string compare. Normally, the names used in Python programs are automatically interned, and the dictionaries used to hold module, class or instance attributes have interned keys. - Interned strings are not immortal; you must keep a reference to the return value of - intern()around to benefit from it.
- sys._is_gil_enabled()¶
- Return - Trueif the GIL is enabled and- Falseif it is disabled.- Added in version 3.13. 
- sys.is_finalizing()¶
- Return - Trueif the main Python interpreter is shutting down. Return- Falseotherwise.- See also the - PythonFinalizationErrorexception.- Added in version 3.5. 
- sys.last_exc¶
- This variable is not always defined; it is set to the exception instance when an exception is not handled and the interpreter prints an error message and a stack traceback. Its intended use is to allow an interactive user to import a debugger module and engage in post-mortem debugging without having to re-execute the command that caused the error. (Typical use is - import pdb; pdb.pm()to enter the post-mortem debugger; see- pdbmodule for more information.)- Added in version 3.12. 
- sys._is_interned(string)¶
- Return - Trueif the given string is “interned”,- Falseotherwise.- Added in version 3.13. - CPython implementation detail: It is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python. 
- sys.last_type¶
- sys.last_value¶
- sys.last_traceback¶
- These three variables are deprecated; use - sys.last_excinstead. They hold the legacy representation of- sys.last_exc, as returned from- exc_info()above.
- sys.maxsize¶
- An integer giving the maximum value a variable of type - Py_ssize_tcan take. It’s usually- 2**31 - 1on a 32-bit platform and- 2**63 - 1on a 64-bit platform.
- sys.maxunicode¶
- An integer giving the value of the largest Unicode code point, i.e. - 1114111(- 0x10FFFFin hexadecimal).- Changed in version 3.3: Before PEP 393, - sys.maxunicodeused to be either- 0xFFFFor- 0x10FFFF, depending on the configuration option that specified whether Unicode characters were stored as UCS-2 or UCS-4.
- sys.meta_path¶
- A list of meta path finder objects that have their - find_spec()methods called to see if one of the objects can find the module to be imported. By default, it holds entries that implement Python’s default import semantics. The- find_spec()method is called with at least the absolute name of the module being imported. If the module to be imported is contained in a package, then the parent package’s- __path__attribute is passed in as a second argument. The method returns a module spec, or- Noneif the module cannot be found.- See also - importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder
- The abstract base class defining the interface of finder objects on - meta_path.
- importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec
- The concrete class which - find_spec()should return instances of.
 - Changed in version 3.4: Module specs were introduced in Python 3.4, by PEP 451. - Changed in version 3.12: Removed the fallback that looked for a - find_module()method if a- meta_pathentry didn’t have a- find_spec()method.
- sys.modules¶
- This is a dictionary that maps module names to modules which have already been loaded. This can be manipulated to force reloading of modules and other tricks. However, replacing the dictionary will not necessarily work as expected and deleting essential items from the dictionary may cause Python to fail. If you want to iterate over this global dictionary always use - sys.modules.copy()or- tuple(sys.modules)to avoid exceptions as its size may change during iteration as a side effect of code or activity in other threads.
- sys.orig_argv¶
- The list of the original command line arguments passed to the Python executable. - The elements of - sys.orig_argvare the arguments to the Python interpreter, while the elements of- sys.argvare the arguments to the user’s program. Arguments consumed by the interpreter itself will be present in- sys.orig_argvand missing from- sys.argv.- Added in version 3.10. 
- sys.path¶
- A list of strings that specifies the search path for modules. Initialized from the environment variable - PYTHONPATH, plus an installation-dependent default.- By default, as initialized upon program startup, a potentially unsafe path is prepended to - sys.path(before the entries inserted as a result of- PYTHONPATH):- python -m modulecommand line: prepend the current working directory.
- python script.pycommand line: prepend the script’s directory. If it’s a symbolic link, resolve symbolic links.
- python -c codeand- python(REPL) command lines: prepend an empty string, which means the current working directory.
 - To not prepend this potentially unsafe path, use the - -Pcommand line option or the- PYTHONSAFEPATHenvironment variable.- A program is free to modify this list for its own purposes. Only strings should be added to - sys.path; all other data types are ignored during import.
- sys.path_hooks¶
- A list of callables that take a path argument to try to create a finder for the path. If a finder can be created, it is to be returned by the callable, else raise - ImportError.- Originally specified in PEP 302. 
- sys.path_importer_cache¶
- A dictionary acting as a cache for finder objects. The keys are paths that have been passed to - sys.path_hooksand the values are the finders that are found. If a path is a valid file system path but no finder is found on- sys.path_hooksthen- Noneis stored.- Originally specified in PEP 302. 
- sys.platform¶
- A string containing a platform identifier. Known values are: - System - platformvalue- AIX - 'aix'- Android - 'android'- Emscripten - 'emscripten'- iOS - 'ios'- Linux - 'linux'- macOS - 'darwin'- Windows - 'win32'- Windows/Cygwin - 'cygwin'- WASI - 'wasi'- On Unix systems not listed in the table, the value is the lowercased OS name as returned by - uname -s, with the first part of the version as returned by- uname -rappended, e.g.- 'sunos5'or- 'freebsd8', at the time when Python was built. Unless you want to test for a specific system version, it is therefore recommended to use the following idiom:- if sys.platform.startswith('freebsd'): # FreeBSD-specific code here... - Changed in version 3.3: On Linux, - sys.platformdoesn’t contain the major version anymore. It is always- 'linux', instead of- 'linux2'or- 'linux3'.- Changed in version 3.8: On AIX, - sys.platformdoesn’t contain the major version anymore. It is always- 'aix', instead of- 'aix5'or- 'aix7'.- Changed in version 3.13: On Android, - sys.platformnow returns- 'android'rather than- 'linux'.- See also - os.namehas a coarser granularity.- os.uname()gives system-dependent version information.- The - platformmodule provides detailed checks for the system’s identity.
- sys.platlibdir¶
- Name of the platform-specific library directory. It is used to build the path of standard library and the paths of installed extension modules. - It is equal to - "lib"on most platforms. On Fedora and SuSE, it is equal to- "lib64"on 64-bit platforms which gives the following- sys.pathpaths (where- X.Yis the Python- major.minorversion):- /usr/lib64/pythonX.Y/: Standard library (like- os.pyof the- osmodule)
- /usr/lib64/pythonX.Y/lib-dynload/: C extension modules of the standard library (like the- errnomodule, the exact filename is platform specific)
- /usr/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages/(always use- lib, not- sys.platlibdir): Third-party modules
- /usr/lib64/pythonX.Y/site-packages/: C extension modules of third-party packages
 - Added in version 3.9. 
- sys.prefix¶
- A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform independent Python files are installed; on Unix, the default is - /usr/local. This can be set at build time with the- --prefixargument to the configure script. See Installation paths for derived paths.- Note - If a virtual environment is in effect, this value will be changed in - site.pyto point to the virtual environment. The value for the Python installation will still be available, via- base_prefix.
- sys.ps1¶
- sys.ps2¶
- Strings specifying the primary and secondary prompt of the interpreter. These are only defined if the interpreter is in interactive mode. Their initial values in this case are - '>>> 'and- '... '. If a non-string object is assigned to either variable, its- str()is re-evaluated each time the interpreter prepares to read a new interactive command; this can be used to implement a dynamic prompt.
- sys.setdlopenflags(n)¶
- Set the flags used by the interpreter for - dlopen()calls, such as when the interpreter loads extension modules. Among other things, this will enable a lazy resolving of symbols when importing a module, if called as- sys.setdlopenflags(0). To share symbols across extension modules, call as- sys.setdlopenflags(os.RTLD_GLOBAL). Symbolic names for the flag values can be found in the- osmodule (- RTLD_xxxconstants, e.g.- os.RTLD_LAZY).- Availability: Unix. 
- sys.set_int_max_str_digits(maxdigits)¶
- Set the integer string conversion length limitation used by this interpreter. See also - get_int_max_str_digits().- Added in version 3.11. 
- sys.setprofile(profilefunc)¶
- Set the system’s profile function, which allows you to implement a Python source code profiler in Python. See chapter The Python Profilers for more information on the Python profiler. The system’s profile function is called similarly to the system’s trace function (see - settrace()), but it is called with different events, for example it isn’t called for each executed line of code (only on call and return, but the return event is reported even when an exception has been set). The function is thread-specific, but there is no way for the profiler to know about context switches between threads, so it does not make sense to use this in the presence of multiple threads. Also, its return value is not used, so it can simply return- None. Error in the profile function will cause itself unset.- Note - The same tracing mechanism is used for - setprofile()as- settrace(). To trace calls with- setprofile()inside a tracing function (e.g. in a debugger breakpoint), see- call_tracing().- Profile functions should have three arguments: frame, event, and arg. frame is the current stack frame. event is a string: - 'call',- 'return',- 'c_call',- 'c_return', or- 'c_exception'. arg depends on the event type.- The events have the following meaning: - 'call'
- A function is called (or some other code block entered). The profile function is called; arg is - None.
- 'return'
- A function (or other code block) is about to return. The profile function is called; arg is the value that will be returned, or - Noneif the event is caused by an exception being raised.
- 'c_call'
- A C function is about to be called. This may be an extension function or a built-in. arg is the C function object. 
- 'c_return'
- A C function has returned. arg is the C function object. 
- 'c_exception'
- A C function has raised an exception. arg is the C function object. 
 - Raises an auditing event - sys.setprofilewith no arguments.
- sys.setrecursionlimit(limit)¶
- Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to limit. This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python. - The highest possible limit is platform-dependent. A user may need to set the limit higher when they have a program that requires deep recursion and a platform that supports a higher limit. This should be done with care, because a too-high limit can lead to a crash. - If the new limit is too low at the current recursion depth, a - RecursionErrorexception is raised.- Changed in version 3.5.1: A - RecursionErrorexception is now raised if the new limit is too low at the current recursion depth.
- sys.setswitchinterval(interval)¶
- Set the interpreter’s thread switch interval (in seconds). This floating-point value determines the ideal duration of the “timeslices” allocated to concurrently running Python threads. Please note that the actual value can be higher, especially if long-running internal functions or methods are used. Also, which thread becomes scheduled at the end of the interval is the operating system’s decision. The interpreter doesn’t have its own scheduler. - Added in version 3.2. 
- sys.settrace(tracefunc)¶
- Set the system’s trace function, which allows you to implement a Python source code debugger in Python. The function is thread-specific; for a debugger to support multiple threads, it must register a trace function using - settrace()for each thread being debugged or use- threading.settrace().- Trace functions should have three arguments: frame, event, and arg. frame is the current stack frame. event is a string: - 'call',- 'line',- 'return',- 'exception'or- 'opcode'. arg depends on the event type.- The trace function is invoked (with event set to - 'call') whenever a new local scope is entered; it should return a reference to a local trace function to be used for the new scope, or- Noneif the scope shouldn’t be traced.- The local trace function should return a reference to itself, or to another function which would then be used as the local trace function for the scope. - If there is any error occurred in the trace function, it will be unset, just like - settrace(None)is called.- Note - Tracing is disabled while calling the trace function (e.g. a function set by - settrace()). For recursive tracing see- call_tracing().- The events have the following meaning: - 'call'
- A function is called (or some other code block entered). The global trace function is called; arg is - None; the return value specifies the local trace function.
- 'line'
- The interpreter is about to execute a new line of code or re-execute the condition of a loop. The local trace function is called; arg is - None; the return value specifies the new local trace function. See- Objects/lnotab_notes.txtfor a detailed explanation of how this works. Per-line events may be disabled for a frame by setting- f_trace_linesto- Falseon that frame.
- 'return'
- A function (or other code block) is about to return. The local trace function is called; arg is the value that will be returned, or - Noneif the event is caused by an exception being raised. The trace function’s return value is ignored.
- 'exception'
- An exception has occurred. The local trace function is called; arg is a tuple - (exception, value, traceback); the return value specifies the new local trace function.
- 'opcode'
- The interpreter is about to execute a new opcode (see - disfor opcode details). The local trace function is called; arg is- None; the return value specifies the new local trace function. Per-opcode events are not emitted by default: they must be explicitly requested by setting- f_trace_opcodesto- Trueon the frame.
 - Note that as an exception is propagated down the chain of callers, an - 'exception'event is generated at each level.- For more fine-grained usage, it’s possible to set a trace function by assigning - frame.f_trace = tracefuncexplicitly, rather than relying on it being set indirectly via the return value from an already installed trace function. This is also required for activating the trace function on the current frame, which- settrace()doesn’t do. Note that in order for this to work, a global tracing function must have been installed with- settrace()in order to enable the runtime tracing machinery, but it doesn’t need to be the same tracing function (e.g. it could be a low overhead tracing function that simply returns- Noneto disable itself immediately on each frame).- For more information on code and frame objects, refer to The standard type hierarchy. - Raises an auditing event - sys.settracewith no arguments.- CPython implementation detail: The - settrace()function is intended only for implementing debuggers, profilers, coverage tools and the like. Its behavior is part of the implementation platform, rather than part of the language definition, and thus may not be available in all Python implementations.- Changed in version 3.7: - 'opcode'event type added;- f_trace_linesand- f_trace_opcodesattributes added to frames
- sys.set_asyncgen_hooks([firstiter] [, finalizer])¶
- Accepts two optional keyword arguments which are callables that accept an asynchronous generator iterator as an argument. The firstiter callable will be called when an asynchronous generator is iterated for the first time. The finalizer will be called when an asynchronous generator is about to be garbage collected. - Raises an auditing event - sys.set_asyncgen_hooks_firstiterwith no arguments.- Raises an auditing event - sys.set_asyncgen_hooks_finalizerwith no arguments.- Two auditing events are raised because the underlying API consists of two calls, each of which must raise its own event. - Added in version 3.6: See PEP 525 for more details, and for a reference example of a finalizer method see the implementation of - asyncio.Loop.shutdown_asyncgensin Lib/asyncio/base_events.py- Note - This function has been added on a provisional basis (see PEP 411 for details.) 
- sys.set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth(depth)¶
- Allows enabling or disabling coroutine origin tracking. When enabled, the - cr_originattribute on coroutine objects will contain a tuple of (filename, line number, function name) tuples describing the traceback where the coroutine object was created, with the most recent call first. When disabled,- cr_originwill be- None.- To enable, pass a depth value greater than zero; this sets the number of frames whose information will be captured. To disable, pass set depth to zero. - This setting is thread-specific. - Added in version 3.7. - Note - This function has been added on a provisional basis (see PEP 411 for details.) Use it only for debugging purposes. 
- sys.activate_stack_trampoline(backend, /)¶
- Activate the stack profiler trampoline backend. The only supported backend is - "perf".- Availability: Linux. - Added in version 3.12. 
- sys.deactivate_stack_trampoline()¶
- Deactivate the current stack profiler trampoline backend. - If no stack profiler is activated, this function has no effect. - Availability: Linux. - Added in version 3.12. 
- sys.is_stack_trampoline_active()¶
- Return - Trueif a stack profiler trampoline is active.- Availability: Linux. - Added in version 3.12. 
- sys._enablelegacywindowsfsencoding()¶
- Changes the filesystem encoding and error handler to ‘mbcs’ and ‘replace’ respectively, for consistency with versions of Python prior to 3.6. - This is equivalent to defining the - PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODINGenvironment variable before launching Python.- See also - sys.getfilesystemencoding()and- sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors().- Availability: Windows. - Note - Changing the filesystem encoding after Python startup is risky because the old fsencoding or paths encoded by the old fsencoding may be cached somewhere. Use - PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODINGinstead.- Added in version 3.6: See PEP 529 for more details. - Deprecated since version 3.13, will be removed in version 3.16: Use - PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODINGinstead.
- sys.stdin¶
- sys.stdout¶
- sys.stderr¶
- File objects used by the interpreter for standard input, output and errors: - stdinis used for all interactive input (including calls to- input());
- stdoutis used for the output of- print()and expression statements and for the prompts of- input();
- The interpreter’s own prompts and its error messages go to - stderr.
 - These streams are regular text files like those returned by the - open()function. Their parameters are chosen as follows:- The encoding and error handling are is initialized from - PyConfig.stdio_encodingand- PyConfig.stdio_errors.- On Windows, UTF-8 is used for the console device. Non-character devices such as disk files and pipes use the system locale encoding (i.e. the ANSI codepage). Non-console character devices such as NUL (i.e. where - isatty()returns- True) use the value of the console input and output codepages at startup, respectively for stdin and stdout/stderr. This defaults to the system locale encoding if the process is not initially attached to a console.- The special behaviour of the console can be overridden by setting the environment variable PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO before starting Python. In that case, the console codepages are used as for any other character device. - Under all platforms, you can override the character encoding by setting the - PYTHONIOENCODINGenvironment variable before starting Python or by using the new- -X- utf8command line option and- PYTHONUTF8environment variable. However, for the Windows console, this only applies when- PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIOis also set.
- When interactive, the - stdoutstream is line-buffered. Otherwise, it is block-buffered like regular text files. The- stderrstream is line-buffered in both cases. You can make both streams unbuffered by passing the- -ucommand-line option or setting the- PYTHONUNBUFFEREDenvironment variable.
 - Changed in version 3.9: Non-interactive - stderris now line-buffered instead of fully buffered.- Note - To write or read binary data from/to the standard streams, use the underlying binary - bufferobject. For example, to write bytes to- stdout, use- sys.stdout.buffer.write(b'abc').- However, if you are writing a library (and do not control in which context its code will be executed), be aware that the standard streams may be replaced with file-like objects like - io.StringIOwhich do not support the- bufferattribute.
- sys.__stdin__¶
- sys.__stdout__¶
- sys.__stderr__¶
- These objects contain the original values of - stdin,- stderrand- stdoutat the start of the program. They are used during finalization, and could be useful to print to the actual standard stream no matter if the- sys.std*object has been redirected.- It can also be used to restore the actual files to known working file objects in case they have been overwritten with a broken object. However, the preferred way to do this is to explicitly save the previous stream before replacing it, and restore the saved object. - Note - Under some conditions - stdin,- stdoutand- stderras well as the original values- __stdin__,- __stdout__and- __stderr__can be- None. It is usually the case for Windows GUI apps that aren’t connected to a console and Python apps started with pythonw.
- sys.stdlib_module_names¶
- A frozenset of strings containing the names of standard library modules. - It is the same on all platforms. Modules which are not available on some platforms and modules disabled at Python build are also listed. All module kinds are listed: pure Python, built-in, frozen and extension modules. Test modules are excluded. - For packages, only the main package is listed: sub-packages and sub-modules are not listed. For example, the - emailpackage is listed, but the- email.mimesub-package and the- email.messagesub-module are not listed.- See also the - sys.builtin_module_nameslist.- Added in version 3.10. 
- sys.thread_info¶
- A named tuple holding information about the thread implementation. - thread_info.name¶
- The name of the thread implementation: - "nt": Windows threads
- "pthread": POSIX threads
- "pthread-stubs": stub POSIX threads (on WebAssembly platforms without threading support)
- "solaris": Solaris threads
 
 - thread_info.lock¶
- The name of the lock implementation: - "semaphore": a lock uses a semaphore
- "mutex+cond": a lock uses a mutex and a condition variable
- Noneif this information is unknown
 
 - thread_info.version¶
- The name and version of the thread library. It is a string, or - Noneif this information is unknown.
 - Added in version 3.3. 
- sys.tracebacklimit¶
- When this variable is set to an integer value, it determines the maximum number of levels of traceback information printed when an unhandled exception occurs. The default is - 1000. When set to- 0or less, all traceback information is suppressed and only the exception type and value are printed.
- sys.unraisablehook(unraisable, /)¶
- Handle an unraisable exception. - Called when an exception has occurred but there is no way for Python to handle it. For example, when a destructor raises an exception or during garbage collection ( - gc.collect()).- The unraisable argument has the following attributes: - exc_type: Exception type.
- exc_value: Exception value, can be- None.
- exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be- None.
- err_msg: Error message, can be- None.
- object: Object causing the exception, can be- None.
 - The default hook formats - err_msgand- objectas:- f'{err_msg}: {object!r}'; use “Exception ignored in” error message if- err_msgis- None.- sys.unraisablehook()can be overridden to control how unraisable exceptions are handled.- See also - excepthook()which handles uncaught exceptions.- Warning - Storing - exc_valueusing a custom hook can create a reference cycle. It should be cleared explicitly to break the reference cycle when the exception is no longer needed.- Storing - objectusing a custom hook can resurrect it if it is set to an object which is being finalized. Avoid storing- objectafter the custom hook completes to avoid resurrecting objects.- Raise an auditing event - sys.unraisablehookwith arguments hook, unraisable when an exception that cannot be handled occurs. The unraisable object is the same as what will be passed to the hook. If no hook has been set, hook may be- None.- Added in version 3.8. 
- sys.version¶
- A string containing the version number of the Python interpreter plus additional information on the build number and compiler used. This string is displayed when the interactive interpreter is started. Do not extract version information out of it, rather, use - version_infoand the functions provided by the- platformmodule.
- sys.api_version¶
- The C API version for this interpreter. Programmers may find this useful when debugging version conflicts between Python and extension modules. 
- sys.version_info¶
- A tuple containing the five components of the version number: major, minor, micro, releaselevel, and serial. All values except releaselevel are integers; the release level is - 'alpha',- 'beta',- 'candidate', or- 'final'. The- version_infovalue corresponding to the Python version 2.0 is- (2, 0, 0, 'final', 0). The components can also be accessed by name, so- sys.version_info[0]is equivalent to- sys.version_info.majorand so on.- Changed in version 3.1: Added named component attributes. 
- sys.warnoptions¶
- This is an implementation detail of the warnings framework; do not modify this value. Refer to the - warningsmodule for more information on the warnings framework.
- sys.winver¶
- The version number used to form registry keys on Windows platforms. This is stored as string resource 1000 in the Python DLL. The value is normally the major and minor versions of the running Python interpreter. It is provided in the - sysmodule for informational purposes; modifying this value has no effect on the registry keys used by Python.- Availability: Windows. 
- sys.monitoring
- Namespace containing functions and constants for register callbacks and controlling monitoring events. See - sys.monitoringfor details.
- sys._xoptions¶
- A dictionary of the various implementation-specific flags passed through the - -Xcommand-line option. Option names are either mapped to their values, if given explicitly, or to- True. Example:- $ ./python -Xa=b -Xc Python 3.2a3+ (py3k, Oct 16 2010, 20:14:50) [GCC 4.4.3] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import sys >>> sys._xoptions {'a': 'b', 'c': True} - CPython implementation detail: This is a CPython-specific way of accessing options passed through - -X. Other implementations may export them through other means, or not at all.- Added in version 3.2. 
Citations
ISO/IEC 9899:1999. “Programming languages – C.” A public draft of this standard is available at https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf.